Use Of Music By Thomas Newman Film Studies Essay

Use Of Music By Thomas Newman Film Studies Essay Since the advent of silent cinema in the late 1800s (Prendergast 1992), the film industry has grown into a global powerhouse contributing over  £4.5bn to the UK economy last year alone (Oxford Economics 2010). Initially used in 1895 to drown out theatre projector noise, music has become a vital ingredient in the cinematic experience with composition to film developing as a narrative art form in its own right (Burt 1994, Prendergast 1992). The Hollywood film industry accounts for the largest market share of box office ticket and DVD sales worldwide, and as such is the dominant trend setter in film composition (World Film Market Trends 2009). The golden era of Hollywood scoring began in the 1930s when many European composers fled an increasingly Nazified Europe to the USA. They took with them a rich classical European heritage (Chihara 2010, Lochner 2009) and many acquired work as film composers, in turn defining the Hollywood sound. The orchestral score dominated Hollywood until the 1960s when technological developments (e.g. close miking, synthesisers, multi-tracking) and alternative stylistic approaches (e.g. jazz, rock n roll) allowed for a new pallet of sounds to be utilised in the compositional process (Burt 1994, Chihara 2010). In 1977 the traditional Hollywood sound made a dramatic comeback with the release of Star Wars (Chihara 2010). John Williams Wagnerian score had its roots firmly set in the golden era, and as the films success sky-rocketed the orchestral soundtrack became increasingly desirable to directors. Other composers followed Williams lead, and the style of the golden era was repositioned as a standard in the industry (Clemmensen 2005, Prendergast 1992, Rona 2000). Whilst Hollywoods A-list composers were sticking to their traditionalist guns, the 1990s saw a new breed of composer gaining a foothold in the industry. Using ethnic instruments, sampling techniques and sound design alongside the traditional orchestra, the creative pallet broadened and film scoring entered a new phase postmodernism, which dominates today (Chihara 2010, Rona 2000). The current trends in film scoring are likely to continue for the foreseeable future, with composers such as Hans Zimmer (Gladiator, Batman Begins), James Horner (Titanic, Avatar), Marco Beltrami (3:10 to Yuma, The Hurt Locker) and Thomas Newman (American Beauty, The Shawshank Redemption) receiving academy awards and nominations for their work (Academy Awards Database 2010, Rona 2000). Thomas Newman in particular is revered as a pioneer of the modern Hollywood sound. Having composed some of the most memorable and successful film music of the last 20 years, he has rewritten the rules on film composition and is regarded by his peers as a true master of the art (Cassidy 2010, Nonesuch Records 2010). His scores are renowned for their uniqueness and inventiveness, with an emphasis on textural sounds, unusual instruments and rhythmic movement, and are instantly recognisable. His style is characterised by blends of synthetic, abstract and acoustic, percussion and a particular harmonic signature. He supports a films narrative by revealing and blending these layers, much in the way of theme variations and leitmotifs in more traditional cinema. His scores are generally subtle and rarely distract from the film, but away from the intended setting his work often fails to stand up as music in its own right (Mok 2000, Rona 2000). Newmans instrumental pallet varies dramatically from project to project, and is specifically catered to the needs of each film. For example, the score for quirky suburban drama American Beauty uses marimba, xylophone, dulcimer, detuned mandolin, tabla and ewi. Whilst this may seem a little unusual (given the films setting), the instrumentation is extremely well suited to the different characters and their individual personalities (Cassidy 2010, Clemmensen 2005). In contrast, his score for the hit Pixar animation Wall-E utilises an orchestra (with particular emphasis on harp), electric bass, a host of odd percussion instruments and many synthetic mechanical sounds. The overall sound is jaunty and sparse but sits perfectly with the robotic narrative of the film. Although American Beauty and Wall-E are totally different films with very unique scores, they are easily identifiable as Newmans work. Objectives and Methodology By investigating Newmans musical narratives across a range of stylistic and technical approaches, the author will develop a firm understanding of the techniques Newman utilises (orchestration, harmony, texture, synthesis, experimentation and so on) and how they characterise his scores so strongly. An in depth examination of Newmans work will provide the author, and readers with a rare insight into the creative processes employed by of one of the worlds top film composers. As such the author feels that the conclusions drawn from the investigation will be directly, and beneficially applicable to all future composition practice he may undertake (whether for film, TV or other narrative based projects). The author will investigate a dynamic cross section of Newmans film scores American Beauty, Finding Nemo, The Shawshank Redemption and Wall-E. The films have been chosen for their diversity in narrative and genre, thus allowing for analysis which encompasses the full scope of the composers work. In addition, Finding Nemo and Wall-E are animations. If any major compositional similarities are discovered in these films, the author will further investigate Newmans approach to define how, through what methods and why he has composed with such similarities. Much of the authors argument will be synthesised by applying theories and analytical techniques derived from texts by leading film music analysts to the context of Newmans scores. These sources include Film Music a Neglected Art by Roy M Prendergast, Narrative Film Music by Claudia Gorbman and The Art of Film Music by Ben Burt. Interviews with Newman will be used to justify the points made and all arguments will be well balanced with reference to multiple sources.

On Women Turning 70: Honoring the Voices of Wisdom Essay -- Essays Pa

On Women Turning 70: Honoring the Voices of Wisdom On Women Turning 70 is a book that is made up of interviews with several older women who took their biggest steps toward success when they were in their senior years. Rountree spoke with women like author Madeline L’Engle, and acclaimed newspaper columnist Liz Smith, who became successful just as she was about to retire. Rountree learned about the women’s lives and got their take on feminism and aging to include in the book. The women that Rountree chose to interview seem to be women who either began living life to the fullest in their older years, or who achieved greatness young, and have held onto to that throughout their entire lives. On Women Turning 70 includes profiles of sixteen women, with information about their past, and important moments in their lives. It also includes what each woman said in her interview about themselves, and their vitality. Some sections had quotes from the women about aging and why they are different than most women. For example, sociologist Lee Robins said of her new-found love at age 75, â€Å"How different is love in my seventies from when I was in love as a young woman? It’s not terribly different......there are no unknowns anymore...† Robins goes on to tell more advantages to being her age and in love. She also tells her feelings about all of the positive things about being older, in general. Author Doris Lessing had a similar take on life, having...

Plant Based Diet Essay

When I was growing up I was taught how to hunt, fish and trap animals for food as well as being fed an omnivorous diet, but today I have found that I no longer need animals in my diet. The Vegetarian Times recently found that out of the 311 million people in the US, 7.3 million eat a vegetarian based diet and 22.8 million eat a vegetarian inclined diet. Over the past century people have begun looking into the health implications of plant based diets as a way of improving their health and increase their longevity. This research paper is intended to inform the reader of the nutrients required by a US adult, ages 18-35, and prove that a plant based diet meets those nutrient requirements. This journey began for myself over a year ago and while continue for decades to come while plant based diets began with the birth of mankind and will continue as long as we continue to live. Definitions associated with plant based diets Vegetarianism has been around since the beginning of mankind, however as society has progressed so have plant based diets. Today the term plant based diet can be confusing because of the varying levels of animal consumption in an individual’s diet. The first definitions that will be examined are plant based foods and an omnivorous diet. Plant based foods are those foods which consist of â€Å"†¦fruit[s] and vegetables, nuts, natural vegetable oils, and whole grains†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"sharecare†) An omnivorous diet is one which is based on the consumption of both animal products (red meat, poultry, fish, etc.) and plant foods. Due to the fact that plant based diets have changed and now incorporate varying levels of animal consumption there is a need to define the levels so that confusion can be avoided. The four categories of plant based diets are ovo-lacto vegetarianism, pescetarianism, lacto vegetarianism and total-vegetarianism. Ovo-lacto vegetarianism is when an individual consumes primarily plant based foods while still consuming eggs and dairy products. (Null 4) Pescetarianism is a diet which abstains from consuming land animals and birds while still consuming seafood as a support to a primarily plant based diet. (â€Å"Pescetarian Life†) Lacto vegetarianism is a diet which contains dairy products like an ovo-lacto diet except eggs are no longer consumed. A total vegetarianism diet is a one which consists of only plant foods and abstains from any animal product such as, â€Å"meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and honey.† (Null 4)The research presented in this will focus on a total-vegetarian diet because it allows for the least variables and is the diet which most studies use because of the limited variables. Nutrients required by the human body which are viewed by many as scarce in a plant based diet The human body is a complex system which requires the support of nutrients which are provided by the food individual’s consume and then absorb into their bodies. In order to look at the ability of a plant based diet to support an 18-35 year old person’s nutritional needs we will first examine those most basic nutrients required by a human. This section of the paper will look at the following nutrients; carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber, calcium, and vitamin B12. Carbohydrates The term carbohydrate refers to the naturally occurring molecules which consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. This molecule is used throughout the animal kingdom as the most abundant and â€Å"†¦least expensive source of energy.† (Guthrie 35) The idea of being an inexpensive source of energy refers to the fact that carbohydrates are easily broken down by the human digestive system which converts them into glucose. The belief that carbohydrates present the most abundant source of energy while still being nutritious can be misleading due to the two main types of carbohydrates, simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are present in most diets in the form of fructose (sweet sugars), sucrose (table sugar), maltose and lactose. (Driskell 29) These simple carbohydrates are easily broken down, converted into glucose for the body and easily flow into the blood stream. The downside to this form of carbohydrates is that they are most common in the form of refined sugars or refine d flours which retain very few vitamins after being processed. (â€Å"HealthStyle Fitness†) As the body uses this form of glucose a cycle begins which involves fluctuations of high and low blood sugar. This cycle works when blood sugar rises after the consumption of simple carbs and then as the blood sugar begins to drop the body demands more simple carbs to bring blood sugar levels back to up. The cycle that is formed essentially keeps the body from burning body fat because there is a continuous demand and consumption of simple carbohydrates. The second form of carbohydrates is that of complex carbohydrates which consist of polysaccharides, three or more monosaccharides. These complex carbs are found in the form of starch, fiber and glycogen (animal starch). Those complex carbohydrates consumed in the form of starch are found in plant foods like corn, wheat, potatoes, cereals, pastas, and beans. When they are broken down these carbs allow for the slow production and release of glucose into the blood stream and allowing for a consistent blood sugar level. (Guthrie 27) Dietary fiber is another form of complex carbs which are present in plant foods because fiber is â€Å"†¦the structural framework of plants.† (Driskell 29) The presence of dietary fiber allows for the slow breakdown of starches because the human body lacks the enzyme necessary to break down most forms of fiber. (Driskell 29) The last form of complex carbohydrates is glycogen which is found in animal muscles and livers. Simply put, simple carbohydrates are easily broken down and absorbed by the human body but poses few vitamins while complex carbohydrates are broken down slowly by the human body allowing for stable blood sugar levels. Proteins Another macronutrient group is that of proteins or on a more basic level, amino acids. When people take in proteins they are in fact consuming strings of amino acids which are broken down and then put together in varying structures to be used to â€Å"†¦construct tissue proteins, hormones, enzymes and other substances crucial to our existence.† (Kimball 49) The human body has the ability to produce most of the amino acids required for existence while some amino acids, called essential amino acids, cannot be produced in the quantity required for life support. Proteins are commonly viewed as complete proteins which supply all amino acids required by the human body, both essential and nonessential amino acids. The most common source of complete proteins is animal foods because animal muscle already possesses all amino acids required for tissue growth. (Guthrie 85) This perception of requiring complete proteins in order to consume the required amount of proteins is not the on ly way of reaching this daily goal. Fat One nutrient which accounts for nearly 41% of the American diet today is fat in either its natural or its altered state. (Guthrie 45) Throughout human history having excess fat was seen as a sign of wealth and power because those who could afford to be fat were those people who did not have to work for a living. Over the years this has become a social factor because fat has the attribute of altering food’s flavor and in a sense addicting people to it’s’ taste. However fat has two main factors in the human body other than making foods palatable and those factors are as stored energy and supporting healthy cell structures. The interesting fact that is misconstrued is that the essential fatty acids are everywhere in the news are not the main contributor to these factors, instead, â€Å"Highly unsaturated fatty acids are even more physiologically active in the body than essential fatty acids and†¦are needed for the formation of healthy cell membranes.† (C arlson 31) One of the reasons why the human body requires fat for the formation of cell membranes is because as people move they need their cells to move with them. If people had rigid cell membranes like plants we wouldn’t be able to breath much less walk down the street. In addition to aiding in cell membranes composition, fat is also used as energy reserves within the human body so that when food consumption does not meet energy requirements then the body can burn fat as a source of energy. (Guthrie 56) The reason why fat is used as a reserve for energy is because when one gram of fat is burned for energy it creates 9 calories of energy as opposed to carbohydrates and proteins which produces 4 calories per gram. Overall fat is a required part of the human diet because of its use in cell productions as well as a source of energy reserves for everyday life. Fiber Fiber has recently hit the news as a required part of the human diet not because it was recently discovered but because people have been consuming far too little. Dietary fiber can be described as the, â€Å"†¦portion of consumed plant material that is resistant to degradation by the enzymes of the small intestine.† (Carlson 51) The reason why consuming enough fiber is important is because when people eat complex carbs they are taking in fiber which allows for a consistent blood sugar level. However as carbohydrates are refined they are stripped of not only their vitamin content but also of their fiber content. When fibers are striped from carbohydrates it makes intestinal passage time faster and those vitamins and macronutrients present do not have enough time to be absorbed into the body. Another reason why rigid fibers are required in the human diet is to keep the intestines clear. As humans consume non-fibrous material it tends to collect along the sides of the intestinal tract and leave layers of buildup similar to plaque in arteries. The reason why fiber is needed is to keep food from building up because the buildup can limit the ability of the intestines to absorb those nutrients which are consumed. (Calloway 145) Fiber is one of the requirements which many people do not think about because they cannot simply eat a handful of fiber, instead people must make sure to incorporate it in their diets. Calcium Most of the American culture is told to drink milk so that they can consume the amount of calcium required for strong bones and healthy living. This urge to consume calcium is spurred by the thought that in order to maintain healthy bone structure people must consume enormous amounts of calcium. This concept may be true in those people still growing during their early years and for people over the age of 50 whose bones begin to release more and more calcium, however most college students do not require excessive amounts of calcium. Once people are around 18-20 their bones either cease to grow or slow down to the point of millimeters and then calcium is used in blood plasma as a key ingredient for clotting as well as a required element for muscle contraction. (Calloway 149) Another misconception is that calcium is released directly into the blood stream for use after digestion when in fact calcium used in the blood is taken from our bones and ingested calcium merely replaces the lost calcium. Nutrients required by the human body which are viewed by many as scarce in a plant based diet and where they can found in plant based foods The most common misconception that people have about plant based diets is that they will not consume enough nutrients required for their overall health. This misconception is false in all fields except vitamin B12. A plant based diet provides the human body with enough carbohydrates, proteins, fats, calcium, and fiber for a more than healthy lifestyle. The following section will provide the sources of nutrients described above for persons who consume a plant based diet. Carbohydrate The most important source of energy in a plant based diet is that of carbohydrates because all plant based foods present carbohydrates. The important factor which most persons living on a plant based diet acknowledge is that complex carbohydrates are the basis of all meals because of the longevity of the calories consumed. Instead of eating all fruits, which are mostly simple carbohydrates, total vegetarians eat other plant foods. These foods, which consist of fiber, increases the time complex carbs remain in the intestinal track and increase the time required for digestion. An example is the consumption of serving of black berries compared to a serving of oatmeal. The black berries will break down quickly and cause the person’s blood sugar to spike. The oatmeal on the other hand will remain in the person’s stomach for a greater period of time and also stay in the intestines for longer allowing for the same amount of calories consumed as in the black berries to be relea sed into the blood stream slowly. Protein The next major requirement of a plant based diet is protein or more specifically amino acids. One of the major misconceptions in America is that proteins only exist in animal foods because protein is used to grow muscle so therefore eating muscle provides the ingredients to support muscle. This is interesting because the largest land animals in the world are those which consume only plants and they maintain the greatest muscle mass known to man. Amino acids are present in all plants, however, not all amino acids are present at the same time meaning that plants do not contain complete proteins. However, â€Å"†¦when grains and beans are consumed together, their amino acid profiles complement each other and produce a mix that is ‘complete’ and therefore a good match to the body’s needs.† (Norris 15) This means that while plant based foods do not contain complete proteins in themselves they do create complete proteins when consumed with additional plant based foods. This concept is supported by developing nations where diets consist primarily of plant foods and yet these people consume enough proteins. (Guthrie 82) Most sources agree that when the proper amount of calories are consumed for an individual the person in question is also taking in enough protein because of the combination of amino acids throughout the plant world. Fats Fats are the second most over consumed major nutrient after proteins because in an omnivorous diet fat is in all animal products. Most fat that is consumed directly from animal products are â€Å"†¦invisible fat, including that marbled throughout meat fibers, in finely divided form either emulsified in egg yolk or homogenized in whole milk, or found as a constituent of whole-grain cereals and nuts.† (Guthrie 45) In addition to these direct animal fats there has been an increase in the amount of fats consumed in the form of vegetable oils, which are becoming a staple in today’s society thanks to fast food chains. This last fact points out that reducing the amount of fat in one’s diet cannot be isolated to the reduction of animal foods but is instead connected to a healthy diet in general where oils are reduced so that they do not dominate one’s fat intake. In addition to the oil concept, society has suggested that consuming only essential fatty acids i s required while research has found little evidence proving health benefits substantial enough to eliminate additional fats from one’s diet. (Norris 52) Fiber Fiber is one nutrient which is overly simple to find in plant based foods because the majority of fibers out there today are plant based. When people eat enough complex carbohydrates they are also consuming their required amount of fiber, â€Å"the typical American omnivorous diet contains only about 10-20 grams of fiber daily†¦most vegans consume 25-50 grams per day.† (Carlson 52). The only factor which people should look at when preparing their plant based meals is to not cook their foods to long because fiber can be broken down when enough heat is present for a long enough period of time. Calcium and Vitamin B12 Calcium and Vitamin B12 are two nutrients which require people to pay attention to the foods that they eat in order to meet dietary requirements. Those people who live on a plant based diet should make sure to incorporate dark greens in their diet because these are the main source of calcium which they should be eating. In fact, â€Å"†¦kale, collards, broccoli, and turnip greens†¦Ã¢â‚¬  can provide as much as 50%of our daily calcium requirements. (Norris 43) This means that by eating one serving of these vegetables someone has the ability to meet their calcium requirements because, â€Å"†¦even omnivores get as much as 40 percent of their calcium from plant foods.† (Nollin 42) On the other hand, vitamin B12 is more difficult to get by eating plant foods because the bacteria which produce it are found in animals and their feces. Therefore most total vegetarians take a supplement to ensure they are getting enough B12 if they don’t already consume fortifi ed plant foods like fortified soy milk or fortified cereals. Conclusion A vegetarian lifestyle has the ability to supply all required components of a nutritious diet required by an 18-35 year old American. The section on carbohydrates highlights the importance of a diet composed of complex carbohydrates and few simple carbohydrates primarily because of the complex carbs retention of vitamins. After reading the sections on protein the reader can now see how a plant based diet provides just as much protein as an omnivorous diet because of the compounding amino acids present in plant foods. Plant based diets also meet fat needs because of the fat content in nuts and vegetable oils. Therefore living on a plant based diet allows for nutritional needs of human beings to be met without including the consumption of animal products. Bibliography â€Å"Pescetarian Life.† Pescetarian Life. N.p., 2007. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"What are the benefits of a vegetarian diet?.† sharecare. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . Adams, Mike. â€Å"Red meat consumption doubles risk of colon cancer, says study; is it time to go vegetarian yet?.† NaturalNews. N.p., Calkins, Brian. â€Å"Simple Sugars vs. Complex Carbs.† HealthStyle Fitness. N.p., 2012. Web. 14 May 2012. Calloway, Doris, George Briggs, and Bogert L. . Nutrition and Physical Fitness . Eighth. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1966. Carlson, Peggy. The Complete Vegetarian:The essential guide to good health. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009. Guthrie , Helen. Introductory Nutrition. Fourth. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company, 1979. Hu, Frank. â€Å"Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview.† The American Journal of Clincal Nutrition. N.p., 09/2003. Web. 14 May 2012. Kimball, Chad. Vegetarian Sourcebook : Basic Consumer health Information About Vegetarian Diets, Lifestyle, and Philosophy. 1st Ed. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 2002. Norris, J., and V. Messina. Vegan for life: Everything you need to know to be healthy and fit on a plant-based diet. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2011. Null, Gary. The Vegetarian Handbook: Eating right for total health. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.

Essay Robber Barons in America - 1193 Words

Robber Barons in America What is a robber baron? Webster’s New Dictionary defines it as an American capitalist of the late 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (As of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales) or a person who satisfies himself by depriving another. In America we had a lot of these kind of people. For this report I am going to tell you about the ones that I found most interesting to me. I would first like to tell you about Cornelius Vanderbilt. Cornelius Vanderbilt was born in Port Richmond on Staten Island, N. Y. in 1794. Cornelius at the age of 16 had already stepped into the busniess world and he didn’t even know it. At 16 he entered into the steamboat business when he†¦show more content†¦At the mere age of 16 he went to work for a firm of farm-produce shippers. A couple of years later, he went into that business for himself. In 1862, he went into business with Samuel Andrews, the inventor of an inexpensive process for the refinement of crude petroleum. By 1870 the company had been superseded then in 1870 Rockefeller and his brother William and several associates took over the business. By the 1880’s the company was one of the largest and richest manufacturing concerns in the world. Rockefeller main concern wasn’t always business he married Laura Celestia Spelman in 1864. They had three daughters Bessie, Edith, and Alta and one son John D. Rockefeller, Jr. In 1862 Rockefeller formed the S tandard Oil Trust. This, the first corporate trust, was declared an illegal monopoly and ordered dissolved by the Ohio Supreme Court in 1892. Rockefeller retired as president in 1911. Also in 1911 the company was broken into separate corporations by an antitrust decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. At the peak of Rockefeller’s personal fortune was estimated at almost 1 billion dollars. Rockefeller founded the University of Chicago in 1892. Rockefeller died at the age of 97 on May 23, 1937, in Ormond, Florida. He was buried in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio. When you hear the word â€Å"Ford† more often then not people are going to think of automobiles. This is not surprising because a man gaveShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Capitalists Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages12/4/14   U.S  History   G  Block   The  Role  of  Capitalists  DBQ   Many  capitalists  worked  to  shape  post  Civil  War  America  through  building  new   businesses  to  employ  many  people  and  create  new  jobs  as  well  as  change  America  through   creating  new  inventions  such  as  a  faster  and  cheaper  way  of  producing  steel  and  discovering   the  uses  and  increasing  demand  for  oil.  All  of  these  inventions  would  change  America,  with   the  faster  and  more  efficient  method  of  steel  production  massive  skyscrapers  rose  in  the   natioRead MoreThe Myth Of Robber Barons By Burton W. Folsom1141 Words   |  5 PagesAishwarya Nandini Jonathan M. Steplyk HIST 1312-012 19 October 2017 Book Review: The Myth of the Robber Barons by Burton W. 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