Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II

The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal was fought November 12-15, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Having halted the Japanese advance at the Battle of Midway in June 1942, Allied forces launched their first major offensive two months later when US Marines landed on Guadalcanal. Quickly establishing foothold on the island, they completed an airfield that the Japanese had been building. This was dubbed Henderson Field in memory Major  Lofton R. Henderson who had been killed at Midway. Critical to the islands defense, Henderson Field allowed Allied aircraft to command the seas around the Solomon Islands during the day. Tokyo Express During the fall of 1942, the Japanese made several efforts to capture Henderson Field and force the Allies from Guadalcanal. Unable to move reinforcements to the island during daylight hours due to the threat posed by Allied air attacks, they were limited to delivering troops at night using destroyers. These ships were fast enough to steam down The Slot (New George Sound), unload, and escape before Allied aircraft returned at dawn. This method of troop movement, dubbed the Tokyo Express, proved effective but precluded the delivery of heavy equipment and weapons. Additionally, Japanese warships would use the darkness to conduct bombardment missions against Henderson Field in attempts to hinder its operations. The continued use of the Tokyo Express led to several night surface engagements, such as the Battle of Cape Esperance (October 11-12, 1942) as Allied ships attempted to block the Japanese. Additionally, larger fleet engagements, like the inconclusive Battle of Santa Cruz (October 25-27, 1942), were fought as both sides sought to gain control of the waters around the Solomons. Ashore, the Japanese suffered a sharp defeat when their offensive in late October was turned back by the Allies (Battle of Henderson Field). Yamamotos Plan In November 1942, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, prepared for a large reinforcement mission to the island with the goal of putting up to 7,000 men ashore along with their heavy equipment. Organizing two groups, Yamamoto formed a convoy of 11 slow transports and 12 destroyers under Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka and a bombardment force under Vice Admiral Hiroaki Abe. Consisting of the battleships Hiei and Kirishima, the light cruiser Nagara, and 11 destroyers, Abes group was tasked with bombarding Henderson Field to prevent Allied aircraft from attacking Tanakas transports. Alerted to Japanese intentions, the Allies dispatched a reinforcement force (Task Force 67) to Guadalcanal. Fleets Commanders: Allied Admiral William Bull HalseyRear Admiral Daniel J. CallaghanRear Admiral Willis Lee1 carrier2 battleships5 cruisers12 destroyers Japanese Admiral Isoroku YamamotoVice Admiral Hiroaki AbeVice Admiral Nobutake Kondo2 battleships8 cruisers16 destroyers The First Battle To protect the supply ships, Rear Admirals Daniel J. Callaghan and Norman Scott were dispatched with the heavy cruisers USS San Francisco and USS Portland, the light cruisers USS Helena, USS Juneau, and USS Atlanta, as well as 8 destroyers. Nearing Guadalcanal on the night of November 12/13, Abes formation became confused after passing through a rain squall. Alerted to the Japanese approach, Callahan formed for battle and attempted to cross the Japanese T. After receiving incomplete information, Callahan issued several confusing orders from his flagship (San Francisco) causing his formation to come apart. As a result, the Allied and Japanese ships became intermingled at close range. At 1:48 AM, Abe ordered his flagship, Hiei, and a destroyer to turn on their searchlights. Illuminating Atlanta, both sides opened fire. Realizing that his ships were nearly surrounded, Callahan ordered, Odd ships fire to starboard, even ships fire to port. In the naval melee that ensued, Atlanta was put out of action and Admiral Scott killed. Fully illuminated, Hiei was mercilessly attacked by US ships which wounded Abe, killed his chief of staff, and knocked the battleship out of the fight. While taking fire, Hiei and several Japanese ships pummeled San Francisco, killing Callahan, and forcing the cruiser to retreat. Helena followed in an attempt to protect the cruiser from further harm. Portland succeeded in sinking the destroyer Akatsuki, but took a torpedo in the stern which damaged its steering. Juneau was also hit by a torpedo and forced to the leave the area. While the larger ships dueled, destroyers on both sides battled. After 40 minutes of fighting, Abe, perhaps not knowing he had achieved a tactical victory and that the way to Henderson Field was open, ordered his ships to withdraw. Further Losses The next day, the disabled Hiei was relentlessly attacked by Allied aircraft and sunk, while the wounded Juneau sank after being torpedoed by I-26. Efforts to save Atlanta also failed and the cruiser sank around 8:00 PM on November 13. In the fighting, Allied forces lost two light cruisers and four destroyers, as well as had two heavy and two light cruisers damaged. Abes losses included Hiei and two destroyers. Despite, Abes failure, Yamamoto elected to proceed with sending Tanakas transports to Guadalcanal on November 13. Allied Air Attacks To provide cover, he ordered the Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa 8th Fleets Cruiser Force (4 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers) to bombard Henderson Field. This was accomplished on the night of November 13/14, but little damage was inflicted. As Mikawa was leaving the area the next day, he was spotted by Allied aircraft and lost the heavy cruisers Kinugasa (sunk) and Maya (heavily damaged). Subsequent air attacks sank seven of Tanakas transports. The remaining four pressed on after dark. To support them, Admiral Nobutake Kondo arrived with a battleship (Kirishima), 2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, and 8 destroyers. Halsey Sends Reinforcements Having taken heavy casualties on the 13th, the overall Allied commander in the area, Admiral William Bull Halsey detached the battleships USS Washington (BB-56) and USS South Dakota (BB-57) as well as 4 destroyers from USS Enterprises (CV-6) screening force as Task Force 64 under Rear Admiral Willis Lee. Moving to defend Henderson Field and block Kondos advance, Lee arrived off Savo Island and Guadalcanal on the evening of November 14. The Second Battle Approaching Savo, Kondo dispatched a light cruiser and two destroyers to scout ahead. At 10:55 PM, Lee spotted Kondo on radar and at 11:17 PM opened fire on the Japanese scouts. This had little effect and Kondo sent forward Nagara with four destroyers. Attacking the American destroyers, this force sank two and crippled the others. Believing he had won the battle, Kondo pressed forward unaware of Lees battleships. While Washington quickly sank the destroyer Ayanami, South Dakota began to experience a series of electrical problems which limited its ability to fight. Illuminated by searchlights, South Dakota received the brunt of Kondos attack. Meanwhile, Washington stalked Kirishima before opening fire with devastating effect. Hit by over 50 shells, Kirishima was crippled and later sank. After evading several torpedo attacks, Washington attempted to lead the Japanese out of the area. Thinking the road was open for Tanaka, Kondo withdrew. Aftermath While Tanakas four transports reached Guadalcanal, they were quickly attacked by Allied aircraft the next morning, destroying most of the heavy equipment on board. The Allied success in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ensured that the Japanese would be unable to launch another offensive against Henderson Field. Unable to reinforce or adequately supply Guadalcanal, the Japanese Navy recommended that it be abandoned on December 12, 1942.

Personal Definition Of Human Being, Environment, Health,...

When posed with the task of giving personal definitions of terms such as human being, environment, health, and nursing, one is forced to evaluate and recall on past experiences and exposures in their life and profession that have helped define who they are. These experiences are the building blocks to which a person makes decisions, behaves, and forms opinions. As experience grows and develops, so do the personal definitions an individual uses to apply to these terms. One memorable moment stands out more than any other, and it has been a vital contribution to how the personal definition of human being, environment, health, and nursing developed. A patient was presented that had coded at home after chopping wood†¦show more content†¦It was important to remember this while caring for the patient whose heart had stopped. Too easily one can become too emotionally involved to think clearly and make life saving decisions. The patient that was presented was a living human being, and the job was to ensure that he take another breath and his heart continue to beat. There are, however, different perspective on the definition of human being. The college of New Jersey approached this definition with a holistic component, only briefly addressing the biological appreciation of the term. They state that Humans, as holistic beings, are unique, dynamic, sentient, and multidimensional, capable of abstract reasoning, creativity, aesthetic appreciation, and self-responsibility (The College of New Jersey, 2016). In critical care areas, it is important to adapt to the changes and needs of the patient as they are presented. This is true for many variables that contribute to patient’s status, including their environment. An environment is the components of the surroundings of a human being, as well as internal forces, which may or may not have an influence on the human being s physical, emotional, social, or spiritual qualities. By changing these elements within this definition, nurses can adapt and provide forShow MoreRelatedHolistic Approach to Nursing and Cultural Approach to Nursing1726 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoints of two influential nursing theorists, whom have helped to provide nurses and the public with insight on their understandings of each of the four concepts that make up the nursing metaparadigm. Through the exploration of both Roys holistic approach to nursing and Leiningers cultural approach to nursing, I will be a ble to conclude my findings and produce a philosophy of nursing that is unique to my own ideas, values, and beliefs of what the metaparadigm of nursing represents to me. The firstRead MoreNursing Is A Calling, A Lifestyle, And A Passion. Becoming1713 Words   |  7 PagesNursing is a calling, a lifestyle, and a passion. Becoming a nurse is a proclamation to care not only for but about others. Being a nurse means having the desire to make a positive impact on the lives of patients, their families, co-workers, and the community; an innate, high degree of compassion for other human beings. Nursing is a desire to make a difference; the potential to have a profound effect on changing the world, one patient at a time. More than just a profession, nursing is a paragon ofRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1260 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Nursing As a professional nurse, my personal philosophy of nursing is based on the core belief that all individuals possess unique characteristics and needs. Each person is the product of their own personal growth through learning and experience, resulting in individual and unique cultural, spiritual and developmental dimensions. Nursing is a dynamic, helping, healing and caring process. It employs the unique application of knowledge andRead MoreNursing: Providing The Best Possible Care For Patients1457 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Nursing Philosophy Nursing has developed from its original roots, to become a personal philosophy to those who practice it. This paper describes my personal philosophy of nursing that I plan to practice in my own personal career. I believe that nursing is founded on the principles of it being a helping process with a focus on interpersonal relationships between a nurse and someone else. Nursing not only involves treating an illness, but it also provides quality patient-centered care. MyRead MoreThe Meta Paradigm Of Nursing830 Words   |  4 PagesThe meta-paradigm of nursing is comprised of four parts: person, health, environment, and nursing. This concept is important to nursing theory because those four parts are the key areas of focus when it comes to patient care. The use of a conceptual model facilitates communication between nurses and providers a universal approach used for practice, management, education, and nursing research. The worldview in nursing provided the cultural lenses that shape how we see the world, and they give meaningRead MoreThe Nature Of Human Values948 Words   |  4 PagesMerriam-Webster dictionary, the full definition of belief is â€Å"a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing†. Synonyms of belief are faith, credence, credit, and opinion (Belief, n.d.). Definitions are used to express our beliefs, but there are not necessarily the same beliefs for everybody, that is why one word could have more than one definition. For example, Rokeach, a polish-American social psychology, in his book The Nature of Human Values (1973), identified threeRead MoreMy Own Philosophy Of Nursing1172 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own personal Philosophy of nursing, rather they know it off hand or not. We all have our own beliefs of what nursing is, our own personal goals, and values that are important to our practice of nursing. Some individuals are more aware of the beliefs and values that influence their role and actions in the nursing field, compared to others who have never thought about it before. When trying to develop your own philosophy of nursing, it may be helpful to think about, your own personal definitionRead MoreNursing Profession And Label Nurses877 Words   |  4 PagesNursing has a long history of debate over defining the definition of nursing. Much of this debate has been centered on political views that often scrutinize the nursing profession and label nurses as subordinates. Definitions of nursing reflect society’s values and influence and subjected the profession to many misinterpretations. One common misconception was that a nurse was inferior to a physician because they followed orders. It was imperative for nurses to define their image and profession toRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis1416 Words   |  6 Pageswill identify the core concept of ‘the role of nursing,’ which two the orists, Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson both utilized. We will compare and  analyze the concept definitions among both theorists, and discuss the practical use of Orem’s self care theory. Core Concept The core concept of ‘The role of nursing’ was used in both Dorothea Orem’s self care model and in Virginia Henderson’s nursing care model. Dorothea Orem’s definition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performedRead MoreApplication of Need Theory by Virginia Henderson1051 Words   |  5 PagesHUMANS Virginia Henderson Physiological 1. Breath normally 2. Eat and drink adequately 3. Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest 6.Select suitable clothes - dress and undress 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment. 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument. 9.Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. 10.Communicate with others in expressing emotions

The Oil Industry And Fossil Fuels Essay - 1995 Words

Around the world there is major controversy on the continuing support of the oil industry and fossil fuels. The production and consumption of oil affects the American citizen’s everyday life in some form or another. Many Americans have a strong view regarding the consumption and production of fossil fuels. Recently, especially on social media this particular controversial issue has been brought to the forefront due to the protests in regards to the Dakota Access Pipeline. In past major headlining news, in 2010 the Deepwater Horizon furthered the discussion of using nonrenewable resources. The youth of America is taught throughout their education how special the earth is, and the crucial role one plays in preserving the land and wildlife for the generations to come. As a society who lies heavily on the production of oil, the country needs to weigh the pros and cons of continuing their involvement in this industry, as well as considering the amount of influential pull the United States has with other powerful nations. One of the main determining factors behind America and their decision to either continue supporting the oil industry, or moving towards renewable energy sources is the ability to evaluate the validity of alternative energy sources at hand. There are a number of alternative energy sources available including; solar, tidal, wind, and biofuels to just name a few. The growing trend in the twenty-first century is to be environmentally cautious of the impact fromShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Sources Of Fossil Fuels1701 Words   |  7 Pages the world has run on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are critical to global energy infrastructure due to their inherent advantages and generate significant economic value as a result. However, the negative economic and environmental implications of fossil fuels demands a permanent transition towards alternative energy. The world will continue to investigate alternative energy sources and must commit to them to avoid long-term environmental degradation. Ultimately, fossil fuels are on the way out, butRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effects On The Environment1175 Words   |  5 PagesFossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, are currently the world s primary energy source. Fossil fuels have powered economic growth worldwide since the industrial revolution, but they are nonrenewable resources and can severely damage the environment. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the burning of fossil fuels was responsible for 79 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2010. Although efficiency can help reduce emissions produced by the burning of fossil fuels,Read MoreAdvantages Of Fossil Fuels998 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by the end of the 21st century fossil fuel nuclear What are fossil fuels? Fossil fu els are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by theRead MoreFossil Fuels : The World s Primary Energy Resources1736 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Fossil Fuels such us oil, coal, and natural gas are currently the world’s primary energy resources because they originate from living things. Formed millions of years ago from the decomposition of organic materials such as plants and animal life, it is non-renewable resources that supplied U.S. and global economic development over the past century. In fact, Fossil fuel industries mine or drill for this energy resources, burn them to provide electricity. Natural gas and oil are used whenRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment993 Words   |  4 Pages Global warming is part of earth. This meaning the air and the way the fossil fuels come into play. I want to start out talking about fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. They can take up to thousands of years to produce. This is why they are non-renewable because it takes so long to make more. These fossil fuels are used to make gas and oil for people to drive their cars and oil for these big plants. The way that they are found is by digging deep in the groundRead MoreBiodiesel : A Potential Renewable Fuel? Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesBIODIESEL: A POTENTIAL RENEWABLE FUEL? 1. Introduction. The American philosopher, ecologist and scientist, Aldo Leopold introduced in his book ‘A Sand County Almanac’ in 1949 the idea of ‘thinking like a mountain’. This basic and simple phrase was later analysed and further explored by environmentalist philosopher Arne Naess. He stated that thinking like a mountain consisted mainly in realizing that humans are part of the biosphere, therefore, mankind should be able to recognize several responsibilitiesRead MoreAlternative Energy And Renewable Energy1668 Words   |  7 Pagesevery facet of our daily lives. Due to this, we overlook several negative effects our traditional use of fossil fuels have caused. Fossil fuels are fuel deposits that were formed hundreds of millions of years ago, which is where the term fossil fuels come from. The two most common fossil fuels currently in use are coal and oil, which power the majority of our infrastructure. However, fossil fuels are known to have some drawbacks which is whe re projects for alternative energy come into play. AlternativeRead MoreA Common Misconception Of Fossil Fuels1317 Words   |  6 Pages Intro Although there is a common misconception that fossil fuels will cause pollution, mankind should rely on fossil fuels for energy not only because they are cheap and plentiful, but also because alternative energy is very unreliable. Coal $0.10 Natural Gas $0.07 Nuclear $0.095 Wind $0.20 Solar PV $0.125 Solar Thermal $0.24 Fossil Fuels are cheap and plentiful. Coal costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour compared to the 12 cents to 24 cents of solar panelsRead MoreThe Earth Is Warming1412 Words   |  6 Pageshalt all progress made. Clinton has proposed policies that reduce power given to fossil fuel subsidies with the goal for completing the Clean Power Plan. Trump has proposed policies that reduce power given to the EPA with the mindset that global warming is a hoax. Clinton’s expansion on climate change initiatives is environmentally and economically beneficial while Trump’s policies only benefit the oil and gas industries at the cost of clean energy reform. Trump’s climate change policies reverse Obama’sRead MoreFossil Fuels And Renewable Energy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate are at fossil fuels and renewable energy. Energy efficiency is arguably the most dire concern facing the planet, because it significantly impacts all areas of everyday life. Common ground can be found in this controversy because both parties do agree that humans have a responsibility to future generations. That responsibility is to preserve the resources of the Earth, while offering this generation energy that is affordable and accessible. Many people contend that fossil fuels, while being

Chopped. free essay sample

Chopped is the greatest show on the planet. There is nothing like watching frantic chefs, swollen with perspiration, rapidly cutting up pancreas to create delectable meals and win $10,000. The closest I’ve gotten to gourmet cooking is correctly heating up pop tarts, so it’s not the culinary aspect that attracts me to the show, but rather the inexhaustible, raw, competition. My love of competition is what compelled me to tryout for track sophomore year. Racing my younger sister to the mailbox or challenging my parents to Pictionary weren’t enough to quench my insatiable desire to compete. I guess that’s why I froze mid-stretch when Coach Rod jogged over to my 4400 relay team and announced, â€Å"Just take it easy today.† Noting our raised eyebrows he commented, â€Å"There’s really no race.† As the gunshot rang out and our leadoff started her leg at an obviously casual pace, I shuffled back and forth and considered the circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Chopped. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was a dual meet against Ramapo, a team with stunted participation whom, acknowledging an inevitable loss due to sheer size inadequacies, decided to send their JV team rather than exhaust their varsity runners. Our relay was second in the league and even at our seasons’ worst time could keep this novice quartet at bay. I watched our second leg round her first 200, flirting with a twenty-meter l despite running four seconds slower than usual. I jogged to the start line, preparing to receive the baton. It made sense for me to treat this race as a practice; nothing demanded a physical exertion of any measure. My teammate sailed down the straightaway and leisurely offered me the baton. I eased into the first 100, accepting the gracious gap. As I headed down the first straightaway, conscious that my legs were moving at relaxed pace, I was reminded of competitor in Chopped, a feisty Russian lady with a thick accent. During the second round, she was dicing some okra when her knife slipped. I remember gasping as she revealed a deep gash in her hand. The hastily applied bandages cost her dexterity and precious time. It was unavoidable. She was going to lose. As I approached the 200 mark, I quickened my turnover, willing my legs to push themselves, a discernable strain, considering the comfortable pace I had shifted from. I sprinted down the last straightaway, ignoring the lactic acid build up begging me to take advantage of our lead. I handed the baton to our anchor, and staggered off the track to be greeted by my teammates. They rolled their eyes, laughing, â€Å"So much for taking it easy.† The Russian lady could’ve easily accepted her loss and dropped out of the competition. When the judges questioned her persistence, she said, â€Å"I always try my best.† I realized that regardless of the competition, predestined win or loss, preforming to the best of my abilities is more important than feeding my competitive spirit. Who knew such valuable life lessons could be learnt from the Food Network?